Depreciation refers to non-monetary expense which is recorded to specify the cost of a tangible asset over the length of its useful life. In brief, the term is
used for cost allocation over the period during which the asset generates revenue. Depreciation also stands for
reduction in the assets value. The process increases the free cash flows and decreases
the reported earnings of the company. Depreciation stops at a certain point of time in which the asset loses its
entire value. Typically, depreciation is due to the use of the asset, attrition, depletion, time passage,
obsolescence, or other relevant factors.
The term usually covers assets with brief and fixed useful life. Depreciation is usually used for assets that
will last for a period that is longer than one year. This category comprises of buildings, equipment, machinery,
vehicles, parking lots, office equipment, furniture, and outdoor lighting, among others. Such assets are grouped
under different terms such as constructed assets, depreciable assets, plant assets, and property, plant, and
equipment. It is assumed that land cannot be depreciated because this asset lasts indefinitely. Moreover, the
term does not cover assets with indefinite useful life. Depreciation has no bearing over the market value of the
asset. It aims to specify the portion of an asset which is depleted and cannot be recovered through any form of
disposal.
One needs to know the initial cost of an asset in order to calculate its annual depreciation. There are two
principal ways to calculate depreciation. Firstly, deprecation expenses are recorded on the income statement of
the company. The balance sheet includes the
value of the asset. This method is referred to as the cost principle. Secondly, the cost of the asset may be
allocated to depreciation expenses covering the useful life of the asset. This approach is known as the matching
principal.
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